{"id":758,"date":"2020-03-26T21:46:24","date_gmt":"2020-03-26T18:46:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bolayirdogancelik.com\/?p=758"},"modified":"2026-04-14T08:33:35","modified_gmt":"2026-04-14T08:33:35","slug":"zorlayici-neden-koronavirus-pandemisi-karsisinda-isverenlerin-taraf-olduklari-is-sozlesmeleri-kapsamindaki-hak-ve-yukumlulukleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bolayirdogancelik.com\/en\/zorlayici-neden-koronavirus-pandemisi-karsisinda-isverenlerin-taraf-olduklari-is-sozlesmeleri-kapsamindaki-hak-ve-yukumlulukleri\/","title":{"rendered":"Zorlay\u0131c\u0131 Neden (Koronavir\u00fcs Pandemisi) Kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u0130\u015fverenlerin Taraf Olduklar\u0131 \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri Kapsam\u0131ndaki Hak ve Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri"},"content":{"rendered":"

Yazarlar: Olcayto DO\u011eAN\u00c7EL\u0130K, MBA \u2013 Pelinsu B\u00dcY\u00dcKSARA\u00c7 \u2013 Bolay\u0131r & Do\u011fan\u00e7elik Avukatl\u0131k B\u00fcrosu<\/p>\n

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D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (WHO) taraf\u0131ndan\u00a0 salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k kavram\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha geni\u015f bir anlam\u0131 ifade eden pandemi niteli\u011fini haiz oldu\u011fu belirtilen Koronavir\u00fcs\u2019e (COVID-19), ili\u015fkin olarak her alanda ve k\u00fcresel boyutta m\u00fccadele ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bahse konu hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fclkemizde de g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi ve etkilerini artt\u0131rarak devam ettirmesi \u00fczerine al\u0131nan \u00f6nlemlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda belli ba\u015fl\u0131 sekt\u00f6rlerde faaliyetlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren i\u015fyerlerinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcreleri s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131larak yahut faaliyetleri tamamen durdurularak bireyler aras\u0131na koyulmas\u0131 gereklili\u011fi \u00f6nemle belirtilen sosyal mesafenin korunmas\u0131 gelmektedir. Ancak s\u00f6z konusu i\u015fyerlerinin faaliyetinin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 yahut durdurulmas\u0131n\u0131n \u0130\u015f ve Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku, yani kiraya veren-kirac\u0131 ile i\u015f\u00e7i-i\u015fveren ili\u015fkileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ekonomik olarak olumsuz sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmamas\u0131 ve taraflar\u0131n menfaatlerinin korunmas\u0131 amac\u0131 ile hukuki a\u00e7\u0131dan duruma bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bahse konu hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u201czorlay\u0131c\u0131 sebep\u201d te\u015fkil etti\u011finden bahsetmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6z\u00fckmektedir.<\/p>\n

13.01.2009 tarih ve 27109 say\u0131l\u0131 Resmi Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan K\u0131sa \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Ve K\u0131sa \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma \u00d6dene\u011fi Hakk\u0131nda Y\u00f6netmelik <\/em>ile \u00a0tan\u0131mlanan Zorlay\u0131c\u0131 Sebep<\/u>; \u201c\u0130\u015fverenin kendi sevk ve idaresinden kaynaklanmayan, \u00f6nceden kestirilemeyen, bunun sonucu olarak bertaraf edilmesine olanak bulunmayan, d\u0131\u015fsal etkilerden ileri gelen, ge\u00e7ici olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresinin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 veya faaliyetin tamamen veya k\u0131smen durdurulmas\u0131 ile sonu\u00e7lanan deprem, yang\u0131n, su bask\u0131n\u0131, salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k, seferberlik ve benzeri nedenler\u201d<\/em> olarak \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. G\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere zorlay\u0131c\u0131 sebep; ya\u011fmur, sel, toprak kaymas\u0131 gibi do\u011fal afetler, salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k nedeniyle b\u00f6lgenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131 \u015feklinde ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lamayan ve \u00f6nceden g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen bir olay olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin ekonomik kriz, i\u015fverenin i\u015fletmeyi kurarken \u00f6ng\u00f6rmesi gereken bir i\u015fletme riski oldu\u011fundan zorlay\u0131c\u0131 sebepler aras\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilemezken, halihaz\u0131rda ya\u015fanan salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k zorlay\u0131c\u0131 sebep niteliklerini haiz bir kavram olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu ba\u011flamda 4857 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u015f Kanunu \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde zorlay\u0131c\u0131 nedenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 halinde i\u015f\u00e7inin ve i\u015fverenin haklar\u0131n\u0131 irdelemek yerinde olacakt\u0131r. Bahsi ge\u00e7en Kanun\u2019un 24. maddesinde i\u015f\u00e7inin; 25. maddesinde ise i\u015fverenin zorlay\u0131c\u0131 sebepler dolay\u0131s\u0131yla hakl\u0131 nedenle derhal kullanabilece\u011fi fesih hakk\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Zorlay\u0131c\u0131 neden i\u015fyerinde de\u011fil, i\u015f\u00e7inin yahut i\u015fverenin \u00e7evresinde meydana gelmekte ve bunun sonucunda i\u015f\u00e7i kusuru olmaks\u0131z\u0131n ge\u00e7ici ifa imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle i\u015f g\u00f6rme borcunu yerine getirememekte ve i\u015f akdi ask\u0131ya al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u015f akdinin ask\u0131da kalmas\u0131 sonucunu do\u011furan nedenler i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fe devams\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 me\u015fru hale getirecek ve bu sebeple, i\u015fyerinde meydana gelen ve bir haftadan fazla s\u00fcre ile i\u015f\u00e7iyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktan al\u0131koyan bir zorlay\u0131c\u0131 nedene dayanarak i\u015fverenin i\u015f akdini hakl\u0131 nedenle feshetmesi ancak belirli \u015fartlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi halinde m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olacakt\u0131r. \u015e\u00f6yle ki \u0130\u015f Kanunu\u2019nun 25\/3 maddesi \u201c\u0130\u015f\u00e7iyi i\u015fyerinde bir haftadan fazla s\u00fcre ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktan al\u0131koyan zorlay\u0131c\u0131 bir sebebin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131\u201d halinde, i\u015f akdinin i\u015fveren taraf\u0131ndan hakl\u0131 nedenle feshedilebilece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir. Ancak i\u015f\u00e7i i\u015f g\u00f6rme edimini kusursuz ve ge\u00e7ici olarak ifa edemeyecek durumda ise kural olarak taraflar aras\u0131nda g\u00fcven temelinin \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden s\u00f6z edilemez. Bu durumda i\u015f\u00e7inin edimini ifa etmesini s\u00fcrekli olarak beklemesi de i\u015fverenden istenemez. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin kusursuz da olsa i\u015f g\u00f6rme borcunu ifada gecikmesi objektif iyi niyet yani d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kurallar\u0131 gere\u011fi kabul edilemeyecek kadar uzarsa i\u015fveren fesih hakk\u0131n\u0131 elde eder. O halde, bu durumda i\u015fverenin hakl\u0131 nedenle fesih hakk\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7inin kusursuz temerr\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anda de\u011fil, ancak objektif iyi niyet ve d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kurallar\u0131 gere\u011fi beklenilmesi gereken s\u00fcrenin sonunda do\u011fmu\u015f olur.1<\/sup> Ancak bu durumda i\u015fverenin k\u0131dem tazminat\u0131 \u00f6deme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu ve 26.03.2020 tarihinde 4447 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019a eklenen ge\u00e7ici 23\/2 maddesi ile \u201ck\u0131sa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma uygulamas\u0131ndan yararlanabilmek i\u00e7in, i\u015f yerinde k\u0131sa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma uygulanan d\u00f6nemde 4857 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunun 25 inci maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (II) numaral\u0131 bendinde yer alan sebepler hari\u00e7 olmak kayd\u0131yla i\u015fveren taraf\u0131ndan i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmamas\u0131 gerekir.\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fc g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

An\u0131lan Kanun\u2019un 40. maddesi ile zorlay\u0131c\u0131 sebepler dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015famayan veya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamayan i\u015f\u00e7inin ma\u011fdur olmamas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir haftaya kadar her bir g\u00fcn i\u00e7in yar\u0131m \u00fccret \u00f6denece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. S\u00f6z konusu zorlay\u0131c\u0131 durumun bir haftadan fazla s\u00fcreyle devam etmesi halinde taraflar aras\u0131ndaki i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin, taraflar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerinin ak\u0131beti mevzuat\u0131m\u0131zda d\u00fczenlenmemi\u015ftir. Konuyla ilgili olarak doktrinde bir haftal\u0131k s\u00fcreden sonra i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015f g\u00f6rme borcunu hi\u00e7 yahut gere\u011fi gibi ifa edememe halinin devam\u0131 durumunda i\u015fverenin i\u015f\u00e7iye bir \u00f6deme yapma mecburiyetinin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7inin ise \u00fccret almadan i\u015fyerinin tekrar faaliyete ge\u00e7mesini bekleyebilece\u011fi yahut s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi derhal hakl\u0131 sebeple feshetme yolunu se\u00e7ebilece\u011fine ili\u015fkin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.2<\/sup> B\u00f6yle bir durumda is\u00e7i i\u015f akdini hakl\u0131 sebeple feshetti\u011fi i\u00e7in k\u0131dem tazminat\u0131 alabilecek ancak s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi kendisi feshetti\u011fi i\u00e7in sonras\u0131nda ihbar tazminat\u0131 yahut i\u015fe iade talebinde bulunamayacakt\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 do\u011frultuda; bahsi ge\u00e7en her g\u00fcn i\u00e7in yar\u0131m \u00fccret \u00f6denecek olan bir haftal\u0131k s\u00fcrede taraflar aras\u0131ndaki i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ask\u0131da oldu\u011fu, bir haftal\u0131k s\u00fcrenin bekleme s\u00fcresi niteli\u011fini haiz oldu\u011fu ve sona ermesinin ard\u0131ndan zorlay\u0131c\u0131 sebebin ortadan kalkmamas\u0131 halinde s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ask\u0131da kalmaya devam edece\u011fine dair di\u011fer bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.3<\/sup> Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ask\u0131da kalmas\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ise iradi ask\u0131 halinde i\u015fverenin \u00fccret \u00f6deme borcu, i\u015f\u00e7inin de i\u015f g\u00f6rme borcunun bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndedir.4<\/sup> T.C. Ankara B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesi 9. Hukuk Dairesi\u2019nin bir karar\u0131nda ise i\u015fverenin kar ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131 sebebiyle i\u015fe ara verdi\u011fi ve bunun zorlay\u0131c\u0131 sebeple i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ask\u0131ya al\u0131nmas\u0131 hali oldu\u011fundan bahisle ask\u0131 durumunda i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015f g\u00f6rme borcu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan i\u015fvereninde \u00fccret \u00f6deme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsedilmi\u015ftir.5<\/sup> Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla; zorlay\u0131c\u0131 sebebin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131n akabinde i\u015fyerinin faaliyetinin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 yahut durdurulmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde al\u0131nacak bir \u00f6nlemin ilk haftas\u0131nda i\u015fverenin her bir g\u00fcn i\u00e7in i\u015f\u00e7iye yar\u0131m \u00fccret \u00f6demesi, zorlay\u0131c\u0131 sebebin belirtilen s\u00fcrede ortadan kalkmamas\u0131 halinde taraflar aras\u0131ndaki i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ask\u0131da olmas\u0131 sebebiyle i\u015fverenin asli y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerinden olan \u00fccret \u00f6deme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn, i\u015fyeri faaliyetinin tekrar ba\u015flamas\u0131na kadar bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Ancak ask\u0131 s\u00fcresi sona erdikten sonra i\u015f\u00e7inin tekrar ayn\u0131 ko\u015fullarla i\u015fe ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmekte oldu\u011fu, aksi durumun i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin i\u015fveren taraf\u0131ndan haks\u0131z olarak feshi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011furaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmemelidir.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6z konusu salg\u0131n hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n bula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ve bireylerin sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tehlikeye at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan zorlay\u0131c\u0131 sebebin zararlar\u0131n\u0131n en aza indirgenmesi i\u00e7in faaliyeti azalt\u0131lan yahut durdurulan i\u015fyerlerinde 4447 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u015fsizlik Sigortas\u0131 Kanunu\u2019nun Ek-2 maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen \u201cK\u0131sa \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Uygulamas\u0131\u201d<\/em> s\u00f6z konusu olabilecektir. K\u0131sa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma uygulamas\u0131; genel, ekonomik, sekt\u00f6rel, b\u00f6lgesel krizler veya zorlay\u0131c\u0131 sebeplerle bir i\u015f yerinde haftal\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcrelerinin ge\u00e7ici olarak \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 veya s\u00fcreklilik ko\u015fulu aranmaks\u0131z\u0131n i\u015f yerinde faaliyetin tamamen veya k\u0131smen ge\u00e7ici olarak durdurulmas\u0131 hallerinde, i\u015fyerinde 3 ay\u0131 a\u015fmamak \u00fczere sigortal\u0131lara \u00e7al\u0131\u015famad\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in gelir deste\u011fi sa\u011flayan bir uygulamad\u0131r. 3 ayl\u0131k s\u00fcre Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 karar\u0131yla 6 aya kadar uzat\u0131labilmektedir. K\u0131sa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kapsam\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7ilere k\u0131sa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00f6dene\u011fi \u00f6denmesi ve Genel Sa\u011fl\u0131k Sigortas\u0131 primleri \u00f6denmesi hizmetleri sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0 \u0130\u015fyerinde k\u0131sa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma uygulanabilmesi i\u00e7in; zorlay\u0131c\u0131 sebeplerle i\u015fyerindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresinin \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya durdu\u011funa dair i\u015fveren taraf\u0131ndan \u0130\u015eKUR\u2019a ba\u015fvuruda bulunulmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. K\u0131sa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00f6dene\u011fi ba\u015fvurular\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7iler ad\u0131na i\u015fverenler taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin k\u0131sa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00f6dene\u011finden yararlanabilmesi i\u00e7in; i\u015fverenin k\u0131sa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma talebinin i\u015f m\u00fcfetti\u015flerince yap\u0131lacak inceleme sonucu uygun bulunmas\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7inin k\u0131sa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihte, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcreleri ve prim \u00f6deme \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, i\u015f m\u00fcfetti\u015flerince yap\u0131lacak inceleme sonucu k\u0131sa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya kat\u0131lacaklar listesinde i\u015f\u00e7inin bilgilerinin bulunmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Halihaz\u0131rda devam eden salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k kapsam\u0131nda k\u0131sa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ba\u015fvurular\u0131n\u0131n yo\u011fun olaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurularak i\u015f m\u00fcfetti\u015flerince yerinde inceleme uygulamas\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve 26.03.2020 tarihinde 4447 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019a eklenen ge\u00e7ici 23. madde ile i\u015fsizlik sigortas\u0131 prim \u00f6deme ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flama g\u00fcn say\u0131lar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ask\u0131da kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcre boyunca \u00fccretsiz izin uygulamas\u0131 yahut uzaktan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ge\u00e7ilmesi de g\u00fcndeme gelebilecektir, ancak bu y\u00f6ndeki de\u011fi\u015fiklikler i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde esasl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklik olarak de\u011ferlendirilmekte olup, bu tarz de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin uygulama tarihinden itibaren 6 (alt\u0131) i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7erisinde i\u015f\u00e7inin muvafakati al\u0131narak \u00f6zl\u00fck dosyas\u0131nda saklanmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Ancak i\u015fveren y\u00f6netim hakk\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde i\u015f\u00e7iye y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00fccretli izin kulland\u0131rabilecek ve \u0130\u015f Kanunu\u2019nun 64. maddesi uyar\u0131nca \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmayan s\u00fcreler i\u00e7in telafi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 isteyebilecektir.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak \u0130\u015fveren Koronavir\u00fcs pandemisi nedeniyle;<\/p>\n