Yazarlar: Taceddin KALKAN – Olcayto DO\u011eAN\u00c7EL\u0130K, MBA \u2013 Bolay\u0131r & Do\u011fan\u00e7elik Avukatl\u0131k B\u00fcrosu<\/p>\n\n\n\n
I.G\u0130R\u0130\u015e<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler (smart contracts), insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 irade beyanlar\u0131yla meydana getirdikleri geleneksel s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin teknolojiyle birle\u015fmesi, \u00e7a\u011fa uygun hale getirilmesi ve geleneksel s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcven sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesinin ama\u00e7lanmas\u0131 ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00fcrk hukukunda s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler hukukunun temelini \u201cs\u00f6zle\u015fme serbestisi\u201d olu\u015fturmakla birlikte T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu (\u201cTBK\u201d) 27. maddesi uyar\u0131nca taraflar\u0131n kanunun emredici h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine, ahlaka, kamu d\u00fczenine, ki\u015filik haklar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 veya konusu imk\u00e2ns\u0131z olan s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler akdetmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bu kapsamda belirtmek gerekir ki taraflar\u0131n TBK\u2019da \u00e7izilen bu s\u0131n\u0131rlara uygun olarak diledikleri gibi -dilerlerse bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m \u00fczerinden- s\u00f6zle\u015fme akdetmelerinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Geleneksel s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler \u00f6neri-kabul beyanlar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131yla kurulmu\u015f olurken ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde ise taraflar bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapma konusunda anla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olsalar dahi ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cif this then that\u201d (\u015fu ger\u00e7ekle\u015firse \u015f\u00f6yle olsun) nedeniyle ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin kurulma an\u0131 olarak taraflar\u0131n irade beyanlar\u0131 de\u011fil ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme kodlar\u0131n\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturan durumun -yani \u015fart\u0131n- ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 an esas al\u0131nacakt\u0131r. Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rneklemek ve geleneksel s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmak gerekirse; geleneksel bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme taraflardan birinin \u00f6neride bulunmas\u0131 ve kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n kabul etmesi ile kurulurken, ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde \u201ce\u011fer otomat makinesine yeterli para giri\u015fi yap\u0131l\u0131rsa kahve haz\u0131rlans\u0131n\u201d<\/em> veya lojistik sekt\u00f6r\u00fc \u00fczerinden bir \u00f6rnek vermek gerekirse \u201c\u00fcr\u00fcnlerin ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 nakliye arac\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011fer ortalamas\u0131 belirli de\u011ferin alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ferse taraflar aras\u0131ndaki s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin feshi\u201d<\/em> gibi durumlar dikkate al\u0131nacak ve bu noktada s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulma a\u015famas\u0131 ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmede belirtilen ilgili \u015fart\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fme an\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n II.AKILLI S\u00d6ZLE\u015eMELER\u0130N ORTAYA \u00c7IKI\u015eI<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 Ethereum teknolojisi ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle \u00f6ncelikle blok zincir teknolojisini (blockchain) ard\u0131ndan Ethereum\u2019u tan\u0131mlay\u0131p \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zetledikten sonra ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 anlatmak yerinde olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Blok zincir (blockchain), a\u011f \u00fczerindeki \u00e7ok say\u0131daki kimli\u011fi bilinmeyen ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fcvenli \u015fekilde tutulabilen, de\u011fi\u015ftirilemezlik \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahip veri taban\u0131d\u0131r.[1]<\/sup><\/a> Ethereum ise bir blokzincir olup Bitcoin teknolojisinin daha geli\u015fmi\u015f bir halidir. A\u011f \u00fczerindeki verileri g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde da\u011f\u0131t\u0131p senkronize bir \u015fekilde kayd\u0131n\u0131n tutulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan blok zincir, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bir\u00e7ok alan\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131yor olmakla birlikte ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler, blok zincir teknolojisinin en \u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan birisidir ve blok zincir teknolojisinin karakteristik \u00f6zellikleri olan de\u011fi\u015ftirilemezlik, \u015feffafl\u0131k, g\u00fcvenlik ve en \u00f6nemlisi arac\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k gibi \u00f6zellikleri b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler san\u0131lan\u0131n aksine yeni bir kavram ya da teknoloji olmamakla birlikte ilk olarak tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 Nick Szabo taraf\u0131ndan 1993 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve as\u0131l gayenin hukuksal ve bununla i\u00e7 i\u00e7e olan i\u015f anla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 e-ticaret protokol\u00fcne g\u00f6re teknolojiyi kullanarak tasarlamak oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Szabo\u2019nun teorisi, g\u00fcven asimetrisini tamamen ortadan kald\u0131ran, taraflar\u0131n g\u00fcvene ve arac\u0131lara ihtiya\u00e7 kalmadan a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131klar\u0131 iradelerini zaman\u0131 geldi\u011finde ve \u015fartlar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011finde kendi kendine icra edebilen kontratlar\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesi ve hizmete sunulmas\u0131 fikrini ifade etmektedir[3]<\/sup><\/a>. Szabo\u2019nun bu teorisi ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin yal\u0131n ve anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r bir tan\u0131m\u0131 olmakla birlikte Szabo, ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri en basit haliyle para at\u0131lan ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fcr\u00fcn al\u0131nan otomatlara benzetmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Teknoloji d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n blok zincir ile tan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ise 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bitcoin ile olmu\u015f ancak Bitcoin sadece arac\u0131s\u0131z elektronik para transferine odaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin blok zincir \u00fczerindeki ilk kullan\u0131m\u0131 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olup, bunda lokomotif olarak Bitcoin\u2019den daha geli\u015fmi\u015f bir teknolojiye dayanan Ethereum protokol\u00fc rol oynamaktad\u0131r[4]<\/sup><\/a>. Vitalik Buterin taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen Ethereum, Bitcoin\u2019in temelini olu\u015fturan blok zincir teknolojisini daha ileri bir noktaya ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015f ve Bitcoin\u2019e nazaran sahip oldu\u011fu daha geli\u015fmi\u015f teknolojik temeller ile Nick Szabo\u2019nun yakla\u015f\u0131k 22 y\u0131l \u00f6nce fikirsel temellerini att\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve giri\u015fimlerde bulundu\u011fu ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin geli\u015ftirilmesine olanak sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonraki s\u00fcre\u00e7te ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme uygulama \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahip onlarca blok zincir protokol\u00fc ve bunlara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak geli\u015ftirilen bir\u00e7ok ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n III.AKILLI S\u00d6ZLE\u015eMELER\u0130N \u00d6ZELL\u0130KLER\u0130<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Teknoloji her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn biraz daha geli\u015fip toplumsal hayat\u0131m\u0131zda etkisini hissettirirken hukuk gibi toplumsal bir alan\u0131n da bundan nasibini almamas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemeyecektir. Hukuk sistemleri nas\u0131l ki toplumlar\u0131n uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r sahip oldu\u011fu deneyimlerin ve geli\u015fmelerin sonucu olarak de\u011fi\u015fim g\u00f6steriyorsa hukukun en ilkel alanlar\u0131ndan biri olan s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin de teknoloji \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na ayak uydurarak geli\u015fme g\u00f6stermesi ve geleneksel s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 eksikliklerin teknoloji ile giderilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 do\u011fal bir sonu\u00e7tur. Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler, y\u0131llard\u0131r s\u00fcregelen geleneksel s\u00f6zle\u015fme anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n eksikliklerini gidermeyi ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Bu kapsamda ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler \u00e7e\u015fitli sekt\u00f6rlerde kullan\u0131lmakta olup bu durumun zamanla daha yayg\u0131n bir hale gelmesi beklenmektedir. \u00d6rnek vermek gerekirse gelecek y\u0131llarda -yasal d\u00fczenlemelerin de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesiyle- noter onayl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm belgesinin sunumu halinde sigorta faydalar\u0131n\u0131n varislere ge\u00e7mesi, \u00f6nceden belirlenen \u015fartlar\u0131n nakliye a\u015famas\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmemesi halinde \u00fcr\u00fcn teslimat\u0131na ili\u015fkin s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin feshedilmesi, kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme olarak haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131, ara\u00e7 sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi ile ara\u00e7 ruhsat ve plaka kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n ilgili ki\u015finin \u00fczerine ge\u00e7mesi ve ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile belirlenen rizikonun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi ile \u00f6demenin otomatik olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi\u201d[5]<\/sup><\/a> gibi durumlar\u0131n hayat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 olas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu durumlar\u0131n t\u00fcm sekt\u00f6rlerde maliyetlerin d\u00fc\u015fmesi, daha az i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcne ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmas\u0131, arac\u0131lar\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, veri ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zlanmas\u0131, daha az risk ve daha y\u00fcksek g\u00fcvenlik gibi olumlu sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmas\u0131 beklenmekte ve bu hususlar ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere olan ilgiyi art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Teknik y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc irdelemek gerekirse, bilinenin aksine Ethereum teknolojisi kripto para transferinden ibaret de\u011fildir, bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 ama\u00e7 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu fonksiyonlar kripto para transferini i\u00e7ererek veya bundan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u015fekilde herhangi bir dijital hizmetin farkl\u0131 noktalardaki bilgisayarlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla verilmesi \u015feklinde tasarlanabilir. Bunu m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan ve Ethereum\u2019un kripto para transferinden ibaret olmay\u0131p farkl\u0131 ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131nda kolayla\u015fmay\u0131 sa\u011flayan ise ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerdir. Ethereum a\u011f\u0131nda her biri farkl\u0131 noktada yer alan bilgisayarlar, Szabo\u2019nun da \u00f6rnekledi\u011fi otomat makinelerine benzerlik g\u00f6stermektedir[6]<\/sup><\/a>. Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin en temel ve geleneksel s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerden ayr\u0131lan \u00f6zellikleri ise \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1.Ak\u0131ll\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin \u0130fas\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in Ek \u0130\u015fleme Gerek Yoktur<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler, kurulduktan sonra belirlenen \u015fartlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi halinde otomatik olarak uygulanmakta ve taraflar\u0131n herhangi bir ek i\u015flemine veya m\u00fcdahalesine ihtiya\u00e7 duymamaktad\u0131r. Bu durum ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin kurulmas\u0131 ve icras\u0131 a\u015famas\u0131ndaki i\u015flem maliyet ve masraflar\u0131n\u0131 en aza indirmekte ve en \u00f6nemlisi arac\u0131s\u0131z olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi nedeniyle de arac\u0131 maliyetlerini ortadan kald\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin sahip oldu\u011fu bu \u00f6zellik sigorta, emlak, finans ve bankac\u0131l\u0131k gibi arac\u0131 vas\u0131tas\u0131yla i\u015flem yap\u0131lan sekt\u00f6rlerde ilgi \u00e7ekici olma sebebidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2.Ak\u0131ll\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmeler \u015earta Ba\u011fl\u0131 Olarak Kurulmakta ve \u0130fa Edilmektedir<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Yukar\u0131da da bahsedildi\u011fi \u00fczere ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin temel mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u201cif that then that\u201d (yani belirlenen \u015fart\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi ile s\u00f6zle\u015fmede \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen sonucun kendili\u011finden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131) olarak a\u00e7\u0131klayabiliriz. Bu durum ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin \u015fart unsurunu olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Taraflar\u0131n ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi haz\u0131rlarken belirledikleri \u015fart ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011finde, ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme programland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi kendili\u011finden kurmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3.Ak\u0131ll\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmeler Kurulduktan Sonra S\u00f6zle\u015fmede De\u011fi\u015fiklik Yap\u0131lamamaktad\u0131r.<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Blok zincir olu\u015fturulduktan sonra \u00fczerinde de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131labilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bu durum blok zincir \u00fczerinde kurulan ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir ve ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulduktan sonra de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme onayland\u0131ktan sonra de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi, geri al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve taraflarca iptal edilmesi blok zincirin yap\u0131s\u0131 gere\u011fi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir[7]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n IV.AKILLI S\u00d6ZLE\u015eMELER\u0130N HUKUK\u0130 BOYUTU<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler her ne kadar geleneksel s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere teknolojik bir yorum kat\u0131yor olsa da temelinde hukuki a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00e7e\u015fitli farkl\u0131l\u0131klar bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Bu farkl\u0131l\u0131klardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 taraflar i\u00e7in ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri cazip k\u0131l\u0131yor olsa da baz\u0131 hususlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirmeler gerekti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu konuda en \u00f6nemli husus, hukuk sistemine hakim olan yaz\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131ndaki azl\u0131k neticesinde hukuk normlar\u0131n\u0131n ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere aktar\u0131m\u0131nda ya\u015fanan sorunlard\u0131r. Hukuk ve yaz\u0131l\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131n temelinde birbirlerine olan uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin geli\u015fiminin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki b\u00fcy\u00fck bir engeldir. Bu soruna y\u00f6nelik yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken ise hukuk ve yaz\u0131l\u0131m bilen, ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri meydana getirirken hukuka olan hakimiyetini ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmede uygulayabilecek beyinler yeti\u015fmesidir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin teknik farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 geleneksel s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ihlal edilmesi, temerr\u00fct, ay\u0131pl\u0131 ifa, ifa tarih ve zaman\u0131 gibi s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere ili\u015fkin durumlar ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmakta ya da hi\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131kmamaktad\u0131r. As\u0131l sorun; ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin hukuki a\u00e7\u0131dan s\u00f6zle\u015fme say\u0131l\u0131p say\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Daha sonra da de\u011finilece\u011fi \u00fczere ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere y\u00f6nelik \u00e7o\u011fu \u00fclke mevzuat\u0131nda hukuki d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olup varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve hukuki temeli bile doktrinde tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 haldedir. Bu konuda belirtmek gerekir ki hukukumuzda da hakim olan s\u00f6zle\u015fme serbestisi ilkesi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin hukuki a\u00e7\u0131dan bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme gibi sonu\u00e7 do\u011furabilece\u011finin kabul\u00fc m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ancak bu durumda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u015fekle ba\u011fl\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r. Hukukumuzda her ne kadar serbesti bulunuyor olsa da \u015fekle ba\u011fl\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler de bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu durumda ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin hakim oldu\u011fu alanlar kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclecek oldu\u011funda ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi \u015fekle ba\u011fl\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere y\u00f6nelik mevzuatta yer alan d\u00fczenlemelerin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi gerekece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Bir ba\u015fka husus ise imza konusunda ya\u015fanacak problemlerdir. Her ne kadar elektronik imza kullan\u0131m\u0131 hususunda d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131labilecek olsa bile e-imza kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131n olmamas\u0131, eri\u015fimin zor olmas\u0131 gibi hususlar ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin uygulanabilirli\u011fini ve tercih edilebilirli\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Belirtilen bu sorunlara ra\u011fmen ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 ve uygulanmas\u0131 a\u015famalar\u0131ndaki masraflar\u0131 azaltaca\u011f\u0131, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye dayal\u0131 uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00e7\u0131kma ihtimalini azalt\u0131p hukuk sisteminin i\u015fleyi\u015fini h\u0131zland\u0131raca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da belirtmek gerekecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V.AKILLI S\u00d6ZLE\u015eMELERE \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130N YASAL D\u00dcZENLEMELER<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin hukuki boyutuna de\u011finilmi\u015f olmakla birlikte di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere olan bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131, yap\u0131lan d\u00fczenlemeleri incelemek hukukumuzun bu alanda kendini geli\u015ftirebilmesi i\u00e7in de \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. Zamanla daha \u00e7ok uygulama alan\u0131 bulmas\u0131 beklenen ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere ili\u015fkin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 da olsa \u00e7e\u015fitli devletler nezdinde yasal d\u00fczenlemeler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmektedir. Belarus, 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda Dijital Ekonominin Geli\u015ftirilmesine \u0130li\u015fkin Kararnameyi uygulayarak ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri yasalla\u015ft\u0131ran ilk \u00fclke olmu\u015ftur. Belaruslu avukat Denis Aleinikov, kararname ile getirilen ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme hukuki konseptinin yazar\u0131 olarak kabul edilir[8]<\/sup><\/a>. ABD\u2019nin Emtia Vadeli \u0130\u015flemler Ticaret Komisyonu\u2019nun (Commodity Futures Trading Commission<\/a>; CFTC) ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere ili\u015fkin Kas\u0131m 2018\u2018de yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rehberde, ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin kullan\u0131m usul ve esaslar\u0131na g\u00f6re bankac\u0131l\u0131k ve kara para aklama mevzuat\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere mevcut d\u00fczenlemelere tabi olabilece\u011fi ifade edilmi\u015ftir[9]<\/sup><\/a>. ABD’deki baz\u0131 eyaletler ise ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin kullan\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin yasalar \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Arizona eyaletinde yap\u0131lan yasal d\u00fczenlemeler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin tan\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hukuken kabul edilmi\u015f[10]<\/sup><\/a>, Nevada eyaleti de benzer y\u00f6nde hukuki d\u00fczenlemelerde bulunmu\u015f[11]<\/sup><\/a>, Wyoming eyaleti ise benzer \u015fekilde ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri tan\u0131mlayarak yap\u0131lacak yasal d\u00fczenlemeler i\u00e7in uygun zemini haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[12]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n VI: SONU\u00c7 <\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Teknolojiye ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fen d\u00fcnya, b\u00fcnyesinde bulunan ve y\u0131llard\u0131r s\u00fcregelen her duruma y\u00f6nelik yeni \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcretmekte ve \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n gerekliliklerine ula\u015fmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte insanl\u0131k ilerlerken g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde teknoloji ilerler hale gelmi\u015f, uygarl\u0131klar de\u011fil teknoloji geli\u015fir hale gelmi\u015ftir. Bu durumdan insano\u011flunun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk g\u00fcnden bu yana kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 iradeleriyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kararak meydana getirdikleri s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler de nasibini alm\u0131\u015f olup teknolojiye ayak uydurur hale gelmi\u015ftir. Son y\u0131llarda, her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn ad\u0131ndan biraz daha fazla s\u00f6z ettirir hale gelen ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler blok zincir teknolojisinin de geli\u015fmesi ve tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ile b\u00fcy\u00fck bir mesafe kat etmi\u015f ve \u00e7e\u015fitli sekt\u00f6rlerden ilgi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. S\u00fcre\u00e7lere y\u00f6nelik \u00e7e\u015fitli faydalar sa\u011flama avantaj\u0131 bulundu\u011fu i\u00e7in ilgi uyand\u0131ran ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler bu avantajlar\u0131n beraberinde \u00e7e\u015fitli soru i\u015faretleri de uyand\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Bu soru i\u015faretlerinin en temeli ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin \u00fclkelerin yasalar\u0131na nas\u0131l uyum sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7e\u015fitli \u00fclke ve b\u00f6lgelerde ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere y\u00f6nelik tan\u0131mlamalarda bulunulmu\u015f, yasal d\u00fczenlemelerin ilk ad\u0131m\u0131 at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere olan ilginin artmas\u0131yla birlikte \u00fclkelerin bu kapsamda yapacaklar\u0131 yasal d\u00fczenlemeleri h\u0131zland\u0131rmalar\u0131 beklenmektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Sonu\u00e7 olarak belirtmek gerekir ki; ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler her ne kadar hukuka uygunluk a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan sorunlar bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yor gibi g\u00f6z\u00fckse de uyum s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin tamamlan\u0131p gerekli yasal d\u00fczenlemelerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi halinde hukuk d\u00fczeninde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yenilik olarak kendisine yer edinip uygulamas\u0131ndaki kolayl\u0131k, zaman-masraftan tasarruf gibi avantajlardan dolay\u0131 taraflarca tercih sebebi olaca\u011f\u0131 noktas\u0131nda ku\u015fku bar\u0131nd\u0131rmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Yazarlar: Taceddin KALKAN – Olcayto DO\u011eAN\u00c7EL\u0130K, MBA \u2013 Bolay\u0131r & Do\u011fan\u00e7elik Avukatl\u0131k B\u00fcrosu I.G\u0130R\u0130\u015e Ak\u0131ll\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler (smart contracts), insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 irade beyanlar\u0131yla meydana getirdikleri geleneksel s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin teknolojiyle birle\u015fmesi, \u00e7a\u011fa uygun hale getirilmesi ve geleneksel s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcven sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesinin ama\u00e7lanmas\u0131 ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0 T\u00fcrk hukukunda s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler hukukunun temelini \u201cs\u00f6zle\u015fme serbestisi\u201d olu\u015fturmakla birlikte T\u00fcrk… Smart Contracts<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1109,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","neve_meta_reading_time":"","_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,33],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-791","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel-makaleler","category-sozlesmeler-hukuku"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bolayirdogancelik.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/791","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bolayirdogancelik.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bolayirdogancelik.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bolayirdogancelik.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bolayirdogancelik.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=791"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/bolayirdogancelik.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/791\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1112,"href":"https:\/\/bolayirdogancelik.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/791\/revisions\/1112"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bolayirdogancelik.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1109"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bolayirdogancelik.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=791"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bolayirdogancelik.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=791"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bolayirdogancelik.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=791"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}